Sanjev Dhakal's Blog

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEM OF NEPAL

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEM OF NEPAL

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEM OF NEPAL

OVERALL TREND IN THE CHANGE OF GLOBAL GLACIERS DURING PAST DECADES, REASONS BEHIND IT AND IMPACTS OF THE MELTING GLACIERS

OVERALL TREND IN THE CHANGE OF GLOBAL GLACIERS DURING PAST DECADES, REASONS BEHIND IT AND IMPACTS OF THE MELTING GLACIERS

OVERALL TREND IN THE CHANGE OF GLOBAL GLACIERS DURING PAST DECADES, REASONS BEHIND IT AND IMPACTS OF THE MELTING GLACIERS

Theory of concept Learning (Jerome Burners)

Sanjev Dhakal 0 6:08 PM

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Theory
of concept Learning<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jerome Bruners develop the theory of concept
learning. This theory is related to cognitivist principle. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The main ideas of the theory can be
summarized as follows:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">i)
Learning is an active process. Learners select and transform information.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ii)
Learners make appropriate decisions, postulate hypotheses, and test their
effectiveness.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">iii)
Learners use prior experience to fit new information into the pre-existing
structures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">iv) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Scaffolding is the process through which able peers or
adults offer supports for learning. This assistance becomes gradually less
frequent as it becomes unnecessary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">v)
The intellectual development includes three stages. The <b>enactive</b> (learning
through action) stage, which refers to learning through actions. The <b>iconic</b> stage,
which refers to the learner's use of pictures or models.  The <b>symbolic</b> stage
refers to the development of the ability to think in abstract terms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">vi)
The notion of spiral curriculum states that a curriculum should revisit
basic ideas, building on them until the student grasps the full formal concept.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">vii)
Although extrinsic <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>motivation may work in the short run,
intrinsic motivation has more value<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">viii) it has constructivist nature</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ix) Bruner focused on acquiring
knowledge through discovery</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x) According to him concepts,
principles, and ideas are to be discovered and not present and understood.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bruner's
important ideas are as below:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1) Learning through discovery:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">  Learning will be meaningful, useful and
memorable for students if they focused on understanding the structure of
subject matter. In order to get structure of information students must be
active. They must identify key principles for themselves rather than simply
accept teacher's explanation. This process has been called discovery learning.
Teachers should give examples in the classroom students should discover the
interrelationship.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2) Intuitive thinking</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Based on certain questions asked by the teacher, the students formulate some
hypothesis or make guesses. They could check their guesses through systematic
research.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3) Guided discovery: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
discovery students work largely on his or her own but in guided discovery the
teacher provides some direction. Unguided discovery is appropriate for
preschool children but not in secondary level. Guided discovery is preferred.
Students are presented with interesting questions or interesting problems.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">      </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">T</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">he teacher provide appropriate
materials, encourage students to make observation, form hypotheses and do
experiments, instead of explaining how to solve the problem. by using examples
as well as non-examples the teacher help students to attain concept.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Principles of Bruner's theory <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and
     contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily
     grasped by the student (spiral organization).<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instruction should be designed to facilitate
     extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information
     given).<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Implications on the learning process</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bruner’s
learning theory has direct implications on the teaching practices. Here are
some of these implications:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instruction
     must be appropriate to the level of the learners. For example, being aware
     of the learners’ learning modes (enactive, iconic, and symbolic) will help
     you plan and prepare appropriate materials for instruction according to
     the difficulty that matches learners’ level.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
     teachers must revisit material to enhance knowledge. Building on
     pre-taught ideas to grasp the full formal concept is of paramount
     importance according to Bruner. Feel free to re-introduce vocabulary,
     grammar points, and other topics now and then in order to push the
     students to a deeper comprehension and longer retention.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Material
     must present in a sequence giving the learners the opportunity to: 1)
     acquire and construct knowledge, and 2) transform and transfer his
     learning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Students
     should be involved in using their prior experiences and structures to
     learn new knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Help
     students to categorize new information in order to able to see
     similarities and differences between items.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teachers
     should assist learners in building their knowledge. This assistance should
     fade away as it becomes unnecessary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teachers should provide feedback
that is directed towards intrinsic motivation. Grades and competition are not
helpful in the learning process. Bruner states that learners must “experience
success and failure not as reward and punishment, but as information”<b>  </b></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>

Theory of concept Learning (Jerome Burners)

Theory of concept Learning Jerome Bruners develop the theory of concept learning. This theory is related to cognitivist principle. The ma...

लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश...........................

Sanjev Dhakal 1 6:28 AM

<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">         <b>गजल</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">मोबाइलमा चार्ज छैन, आरु कुरा छोडौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">टेलिकम र प्राधिकरणलाई एकै ठाउँमा जोडौ ll</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">उत्ता बत्ति छैन, यता नेटवर्क छैन</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> दुवैलाई सिचाई
गरि  एकै ठाउँ मा जोडौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">छिन छिनमा बत्ति छैन, टावर पनि त्यस्तै</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">जागिर खाने बेलामा आफ्नै आफ्नै रोजौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">टेलिकमकि  मैया
बोल्छिन, सम्पर्क हुन सकेन</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">राइस कुकरमा भात काच्चै खाऊ न छोडौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">रिचार्ज हुन दुईदिन लाग्छ, कुरा बुझिदैन</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> बत्ति आउने  ठगान छैन कुन 
चाईलाई रोझौ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>

लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश...........................

लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश गजल मोबाइलमा चार्ज छैन, आरु कुरा छोडौ टेलिकम र प्राधिकरणलाई एकै ठाउँमा जोडौ ll उत्ता बत्ति ...

TO STUDY THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF SUNDARIJAL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

Sanjev Dhakal 34 5:08 AM

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. INTRODUCTION
:-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nepal is one of the Himalayan
countries with a high hydropower potential. The water resources of Nepal are
regarded as one of the principal opportunities for future economic development
of the country. As mentioned in the country report in the first International Summit
on “Sustainable use of water for energy”, some 225 billion m3 of surface water
flows thorough Nepalese territory annually. This gives a specific runoff of
about 0.12 million m3/km2/year, being about four times the world average. Nepal
has more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets with a total length of about 45,000 km.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><img alt="Nepal.JPG" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="624" /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Major
river system with their corresponding catchment area<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Hydroelectricity is the term referring
to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power
through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is
the most widely used form of renewable energy, The cost of hydroelectricity is
relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. Once a
hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and
has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)
than fossil fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. BACKGROUND :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Sundarijal Sub-catchment (15 Km2) is
located in Sivapuri National Park at the north of Kathmandu Valley. The Bagmati
River originates at an elevation of 2732m in Shivapuri National Park and then
flows along Sundarijal Sub-catchment before entering into the plain valley area
of the city. The river flowing along the sub-catchment has been used for
hydroelectricity generation, drinking water supply to people living in
Kathmandu City and irrigation in nearby fields. We visited two main interest
points, namely, dual-purpose Sundarijal Dam and Sundarijal Water Treatment
Plant.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="DSC06186.JPG" height="336" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14" width="607" /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydropower station in Sundarijal<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Sundarijal Dam (elevation: 1620m) was
constructed in 1934 for the production of hydroelectricity by Sundarijal Hydropower
Station (elevation: 1394m) which has an installed capacity of 0.64 Megawatts
(MW) of electricity. In 2006, the average water discharge of the dam was 165 l/sec.
The station management and distribution of electricity is carried out by Nepal
Electricity Authority (NEA). After electricity generation, the water coming
through the dam is treated for use as a drinking water supply in Kathmandu
City.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    The objectives of the study are as follows,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    1. To know the mechanism of
hydro-electricity production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    2. To know about geographical situation of
Sundarijal hydropower project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    3. To know about advantages and
disadvantages of hydropower project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">     4. To give suggestion for more effective
and sustainable improvement of hydro power project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. SCOPE OF STUDY :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">          </span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">The scope of this study is limited to the know the mechanism
of Sundarijal Hydropower project in Sundarijal V.D.C. and the related fields of
this hydropower project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">          It is limited
to the the discussion with administration of the hydropower project and related
subject teachers.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. METHODOLOGY :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          This study
has adopted the review of past studies related to the hydropower project at<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sundarijal. This is done by detailed field studies, field
observation, key informant’s interviews, focused group discussion and direct
conversation in the field with related subject teachers and colleagues. The
field visit has been carried out in the project area of Sundarijal to conduct
the above mention activities on 25<sup>th</sup>January  2014.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><img alt="DSC06125.JPG" height="507" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15" width="646" /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Observation of Sundarijal hydropower
station<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. DATA PRESENTATION,
INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Following data's are collected from the Sundarijal  hydropower project;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Main sources of water :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nagmati
stream, Kathmandu district,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Bagmati
stream, Nuwakot district Bagudwar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Syalmati
stream Kathmandu district, Sundarijal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Canal :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nearly 300
meter long cemented canal from Nagmait stream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nearly 1600
meter long normal canal from Syalmati stream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Collection lake :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Collection
pond is located in Bagmati stream at sundarijal V.D.C.              ward no.6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Penstock pipe :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Diameter :-
71 centimeter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Thickness :-
10 millimeter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Length :-
1700 meter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Power house is located at Sundarijal V.D.C. ward no.9<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Gross head :- 750 feet<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Design discharge :- 23.3 cusec<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Turbine :- peloton<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Configuration :- Horizontal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Capacity :- 320 kilowatt per turbine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">No. of turbine :- 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Total capacity :- 640 kilowatt<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><img alt="Capture.JPG" height="230" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16" width="642" /></span><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><img alt="DSC06145.JPG" height="454" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="605" /></span><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">On the way to observe dam</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          There are
many ways to generate electricity in modern day. One of them is to use the
gravitational force of falling water, which is also known as hydroelectricity.
Hydroelectricity occurs in a dam, where the falling water is used to generate
enough force to turn a turbine that is connected to an electricity generator. With
this action, potential energy of water is transformed into mechanical energy
and then into electrical energy. This is both an efficient and green way of
generating electricity: it is not as hard as the geothermal electricity because
people do not have to find a perfect area to generate it; and it is also not as
polluting as the nuclear power plants are. Therefore, hydroelectricity is much
greener than the nuclear power plants which generate electricity, and much
easier to generate than the geothermal electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><img alt="dam.jpg" height="294" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="305" /><img alt="4d7f9adc-38f4-446f-ba31-36b21661b3dc.WyI1MDB4NDAwIiwic2NhbGUiXQ.gif" height="283" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="313" /></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          A dam is
built where there is a natural source of water in a valley and it is used to
hold the water and create pressure so that the water can produce more
electrical power. The gravitational potential energy stored in the water is
used to turn generators and create electricity. Electrical generators are
turned by massive turbines, which are within tunnels in the dam wall—water
flows through the tunnels with great pressure due to the great height, at which
is kept in the dam. If there is a greater volume of water or there is a very
large difference between the water level and where it flows out, then more
power comes out of the water as it has greater potential energy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Like as
above process the electricity production in Sundarijal hydro power project is
running. There are two turbines each of 320 KW capacity are working properly.
Therefore, total capacity of Sundarijal hydropower project is 640KW in any
season of the year. The gross head of the hydropower is 750 feet. The penstock
pipe used is 71 centimeter in diameter and 1700 meter in length . Sundarijal
hydropower helps to produce electricity in Nepal and also helps to electricity
supply.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. FINDINGS :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Hydroelectricity
uses the energy of running water, without reducing its quantity, to produce
electricity. Therefore, all hydroelectric developments, of small or large size,
whether run of the river or of accumulated storage, fit the concept of
renewable energy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Hydroelectric
enterprises that are developed and operated in a manner that is economically
viable, environmentally sensible and socially responsible represent the best
concept of sustainable development.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Energy
generated by hydroelectric installations can be injected into the electricity
system faster than that of any other energy source. The capacity of
hydroelectric systems to reach maximum production from zero in a rapid and
foreseeable manner makes them exceptionally appropriate for addressing
alterations in the consumption and providing ancillary services to the
electricity system, thus maintaining the balance between the electricity supply
and demand.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
     hydroelectric life cycle produces very small amounts of greenhouse gases
     (GHG). In emitting less GHG than power plants driven by gas, coal or oil,
     hydroelectricity can help retard global warming.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Water can
     be stored, waiting to be used in peak times.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydropower
     plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions; hydroelectric
     power plants don’t release pollutants into the air. They very frequently
     substitute the generation from fossil fuels, thus reducing acid rain and
     smog. In addition to this, hydroelectric developments don’t generate toxic
     by-products.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some
     cases, inundation of land and wildlife habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some
     cases, loss or modification of fish habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some cases,
     changes in reservoir and stream water quality.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some
     cases, displacement of local populations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Building
     the dam is expensive and time taking.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The dam
     will change the habitat and landscape upstream, as much more land will be
     submersed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The land
     below the dam is also affected as the flow of water is reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. CONCLUSION:-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br />
</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">          Electricity plays a vital role in the
modern world. The development of science and technology has made our lives easy
and comfortable. This would not have been possible without electricity. We use
electricity for various domestic purposes. For example: refrigerator, fax,
oven, heater, etc. Industries require machinery and other heavy tools to
produce many manufactured goods. Electricity is a must to run these machinery
and heavy tools. Similarly, means of communication cannot develop without
electricity. We cannot even think of computer or television without
electricity. Without the means of communication the pace of human development
will be very slow. At present the whole world is suffering from global
pollution. If electricity is used to operate the vehicles, the air pollution
will be controlled.  Hydroelectricity is
a very unique way of generating energy. It is one of the most used systems
around the world. Also, it is a renewable energy source which is very helpful
to our planet and it is something that will never end unlike natural gas and
fossil fuels. Therefore, many of the countries and many more in the future will
choose it over a lot of the other ways to generate electricity. All in all, it
is a very cost efficient and green way to generate something that us human
beings need in our daily lives.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

TO STUDY THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF SUNDARIJAL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION :- Nepal is one of the Himalayan countries with a high hydropower potential. The water resources of Nepal are...

OBJECTIVE QUESTION FOR ENTRANCE PREPARATION

Sanjev Dhakal 0 5:45 AM

<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the unit of
Electric resistance?   Ohms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the first name
of the famous scientist who gave us Newton’s three laws of motion?Isaac<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Earth is located in which galaxy? The Milky Way</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What scientist is well known for his theory of
relativity?  Albert Einstein</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the earth’s primary source of
energy?   The sun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the name of the wire inside electric
bulb?  Filament</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the most recognized model of how
universe begun? Big Bang Theory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">6.023 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">´</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">10<sup>23 </sup>represents which number? Avogadro's Number</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Which scientist discovered neutron? James
Chadwick</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the sum of
protons and neutrons in any atom called? Mass Number</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the full form of
RADAR?  Radio Detection And Ranging</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the full form of LCD? Liquid Crystal Display<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who
invented telescope? Galileo Galili<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the SI unit of momentum?   Kgm/s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Electric current is
typically measured in what units? 
Amperes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the velocity of light? 3 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">´</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 10<sup>8</sup>
m/s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the purpose of Rectifier?  Convert AC
to DC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Which
original particle of atom contains negative charge? Electron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who
invented the electric bulb? Thomas Alba Edison<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Which
acid present in lemon? Citric Acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the name of sound below 20 Hz?  I<span style="background: white;">nfrasonic</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Which metal is in liquid at room temperature?
Mercury</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the value of 1Angstrom in meter? 10<sup>-10</sup>m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the symbol of Ozone? O<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the symbol of glucose? C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the formula of Surface tension?
Force/Length </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the formula of potential energy at
earth's surface? Mgh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the unit of Magnetic flux? Weber</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In
which country Albert Einstein Was born? Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who
founded the Nobel Prize? Alfred Bernhard Nobel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">By
which law Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize?law of the photoelectric effect<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who
is the founder of Facebook?  Mark
Zuckerberg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the percentage of Oxygen in air? 21%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the value of universal gravitational constant G?   6.67 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">´</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 10<sup>-11</sup>
Nm<sup>2</sup>/kg<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the unit of Power of lens? Diopter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What
is the atomic number of gold? 79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Which
planet is known as red planet? Mars<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">How
many constellations are present in universe? 88</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In
Fahrenheit scale what is the boiling point of water?  212<sup>o</sup>F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the unit of Luminous
Intensity?Candela<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">41.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the process by which heat of
sun enters to the earth? Radiation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How much heat is required to raise
the temperature of 1g of water by 1oC? 1Calorie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">43.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the formula of Snell's
law?  Sini/Sinr  = </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>

OBJECTIVE QUESTION FOR ENTRANCE PREPARATION

1. What is the unit of Electric resistance? Ohms 2. What is the first name of the famous scientist who gave us Newton...

Historical background of science education in Nepal

Sanjev Dhakal 16 5:16 AM

<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Historical background of science education
in Nepal <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">            In the world history of human
civilization, science developed from the very beginning. At that, time people
used to observe the sky and the objects related with it. Men used to hunt
animals and search plants for eating. They were keen to observe and have
knowledge from surroundings. If we study the western civilization of
seventeenth century, we can find Arristotle, Galile Galileo and Isaac Newton
studing about the principles of physics. The reason of industrial revolution in
the eighteenth century is also the development of science and technology.
Afterwards, the other countries also followed the same principle and come in
this position now.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">            In the context of Nepal, the
government has started to teach science in Trichandra colleage in 1920. In SLC,
also there was a provision of science, subject as extra subject since 1939.
Furthermore, in Rana Period the fact Nepals first scientist Gehendra Samsher
with other seven peoples got opportunity to go Japan for the provision study of
technical education (Sharma, 1993).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">             </span></i><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nepal National Educational Planning Commission</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
(NNEPC, 1956) Report:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
The NESP 2011 disclosed that some studnts had show to study science annually in
the secondary level. However, while recommending it said that   a three-year science course was sufficient
for each of the students in which the first two years would be the basic
science and the last one year would be the advance teaching of the subject. The
commission defined class seven to ten as secondary level education. It also
advised to conduct short-term training programmes, for science teachers, which
could be included in the curriculum. In short, the commission did not include
science teaching learning programmes at large.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1961</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This commission
recommended that the duration of the secondary level would be seven years. The
science would be a compulsory from grade six to eight and it would be a
compulsory subject it would regarded as an optional subject in grade nine and
ten, according to this commission. It strongly advised to conduct teachers
training programmes in every subjects including science.it also recommended to
manage science laboratories in every schools so that the teaching of science
would be effective. To maintain the training of science, a science lab should
open in the colleage of education. In addition, trained professors should
appointed their.  In comparison to NESP,
this commission gave more priorities for the development of science education.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">            <b>National
Education System Plan </b><b>(NESP,
1971-1975): </b>According to this report grade eight, nine and ten
regarded as secondary level education. The national goal of education included
one of the objectives to develop scientific attitude in every learner. Science
made a compulsory subject in general, Sanskrit and vocational secondary
schools. It gave more emphasis on the construction of education teaching
materials in the local level. Similarly, the ministry of education would
produce expensive and high-teaching materials, which the school could not
produce. The materials beyond the MOE would import from out of the country. It
made science labrotory compulsory in every secondary school and in lower
secondary level science teaching materials should provide by the concerned
authority.     <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>            National Education Commission</b><b> (NEC, 1992) Report: </b>In the document of this
commission, the importance of science education and the convenience in action
resulted by it has repeadedly mentioned. Similarly, than it has cited in
national goal of education itself that one of the goals was to modernize the
society and to develop the work force for the overall betterment of the nation.
It has defined grade nine and ten as secondary level education. According to
this commission, there must be scientific knowledge in society and that science
would adjust in every sector of education. Furthermore, Priority should give to
the development of science and technology in the country. According to
recommendations of this commission, talented students of secondary education, while
choosing optional subjects should choose maths and science. Similarly, science
recommended making compulsory with hundarte marks in grade nine and ten in the
secondary level. In addition to this science subject combined with environment
science of hundarte full marks. However, after six years in 2055 next education
commission separated the environment from science and included with population.
Now, from 2058 science subject is as a compulsory subject in secondary level.
In hundrate, full marks seventy-five theoretical and twenty-five marks
allocated for practicle assessment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>            High Level National Education
Commission </b><b>(HLNEC,
1998) Report</b><b>: </b>One of the national goals
of education, according to this commission is to produce such skillful and
capable work force in the field of knowledge, science and technology for the
overall development of the country, which in turn help to develop their
life-standard. Likewise, it aims to produce skillful citizens who are aware of
the conservation of the natural resources and environment. In addition, it aims
to produce competitive citizen of international level in the field of science
and technology. The commission gave continuity to the previous trend of
identifying science as compulsory subject at the secondary level.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To conclude the
documents of every commission have more or less given priority to science.
However, no commissions has strongly advocated the optimum development of the
one of the deserving subject- science.in this sense, we can conclude that there
are many short-commings in the neplese education especially science education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">            </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Furthermore,
Science Education Project (SEP) was established for the first time in         Nepal on Nov. 18, 1982. The aims of the
science education project were to improve the quality of school science
education through upgrading science teaching skills and science facilities.
However, the major achievements of science education project were limited to
the establishment of one national Science Education Development Centre (SEDEC)
at Sanothimi, Bhaktapur and 25 Science Education Development Units (SEDU) at 25
selected districts throughout the country. The other achievement of SEP was the
delivery of science equipment and chemicals to the selected 700 schools and 25
SEDU. SEP also gave opportunities to undergo training to many school
personnels. However, in 1992 SEDEC converted into Secondary Education
Development Project (SEDP). The overall objective of the SEDP is to support the
HMG’s development goals by producing middle level work force for the country as
well as the quality inputs for tertiary education by improving the quality and
efficiency of secondary education.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Sherstha, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General objective of secondary school science
(CDC, 2008), meaning and importance of scientific and technological literacy
(STL)<b>. </b>Moreover, my efforts will
centre on research into quality teaching and learning of Science<b>,</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>

Historical background of science education in Nepal

Historical background of science education in Nepal In the world history of human civilization, science developed from the ve...

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEM OF NEPAL

OVERALL TREND IN THE CHANGE OF GLOBAL GLACIERS DURING PAST DECADES, REASONS BEHIND IT AND IMPACTS OF THE MELTING GLACIERS

Theory of concept Learning (Jerome Burners)

लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश...........................

TO STUDY THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF SUNDARIJAL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

OBJECTIVE QUESTION FOR ENTRANCE PREPARATION

Historical background of science education in Nepal

Popular Posts

Blog Archive